Spatial layers are a PopcornFX feature that enables the power to issue data queries on volumes that store particle information. To put it most simply, it gives a particle the power to retrieve data from other particles, in real time, and enables the power to do almost any particle-to-particle interaction you can think of.
Here's an example of particle-to-particle collisions and positions solving: every particle is aware of its closest neighbor's position and size, and is pushed away depending on current frame results.